Totalitarianism, Military Rule, and Democracy (Pols 208)

Introduction

Beyond the formal structures of government (parliamentary, presidential, federal, unitary), political systems can also be classified by how power is acquired and exercised — legitimately or otherwise. This note covers totalitarianism, military rule, democracy, and the underlying principles of rule of law and separation of powers that distinguish democratic governance from arbitrary rule.

Totalitarianism 

Totalitarianism

Sometimes called autocracy. It occurs when a leader rules without constitutional consultation. It is a condition that exists in a form of government where the leader takes decisions for his own purpose/benefit.

Military Rule

This is an aberration — an unconstitutional seizure of power by the military through a coup d'état. It could be bloody, bloodless, breakthrough, or palace.

Democracy

This is a form of government that deals with the sovereignty of the majority in public political decisions. It gives periodic chances for electorates — a candidate who loses the trust of the electorate can be removed.

Concept of Rule of Law, Separation of Powers, and Checks and Balances

Rule of law could be seen as the supremacy of the law of the land, equality, impartiality, and individual liberty — it explains the chance given to every individual in the state to have equal opportunity to pursue his socio-economic and political interests.

Separation of powers

In this — all arms of government should work according to their own functions and responsibilities, and should be able to check the excesses of the others.

Conclusion

Together, these concepts mark the boundary between arbitrary and constitutional rule: totalitarianism and military rule concentrate power outside legal constraint, while democracy — anchored by rule of law and separation of powers — disperses power and subjects leaders to periodic accountability.